Tatertots and Jello

COLORFUL HAPPY HOME -- Daily DIY, Decor, Craft and Recipe Tutorial

  • My Home
    • 1905 Cottage
    • Daybreak House
  • DIY
    • DIY Projects and Ideas
    • Organizing
    • Tutorials
    • Printables
  • Decor
    • Spring Projects
    • Summer Projects
    • Fall Projects
  • Crafts
    • Kids Crafts
    • Painting Projects
    • Paper Projects
    • Sewing
    • Wreaths
  • Holidays
    • Valentines Day
    • Easter
    • Halloween
    • Thanksgiving
    • Christmas
    • HAPPY Holidays Series!
  • Recipes

Explore

  • my home
  • diy
  • decor
  • crafts
  • holiday
  • printables
  • recipes

Connect

Home » decorating » Make DIY Pendant Lights (Kitchen Remodel Project)!

decorating, diy, my home · January 9, 2012

Make DIY Pendant Lights (Kitchen Remodel Project)!

Tatertots & Jello is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com.

The kitchen remodel is almost done — wooo!!

I just have one more project that I am going to finish up this week. Here are my DIY Pendant Lights. I found some lights that I really wanted from a store online, but they were $140 each, and four would = $560, not including the converter kits to change my lights from recessed to pendant. So I had to come up with something different.

I ended up buying some $7 basic light shades from Target. Then I covered them with some pretty material that I ordered from Fabric.com.

To cover the shades: 

  • I took the shade and copied the size onto a two sheets of paper taped together, rolling it along the paper and tracing it.
  • I added 1 inch to the top of the measurement so I would have some room to roll the fabric under the top and bottom of the shade.
  • I used the paper as a pattern and cut out four pieces of fabric.
  • Then I used spray adhesive to glue the fabric to the shade and used mod podge to adhere the fabric to the shade when I rolled it under the top and bottom of the shade.
  • I matched up the seams and cut away the excess.

Once I got them done, I realized that the part that holds the shade onto the lamp was upside down for a pendant light. Uggggh!! I thought I would have to start over.

Luckily I have a very handy husband and father-in-law who figured out how to bend the wires holding the middle part up to the top so it would work for my purposes. All he did was cut the wires with some heavy-duty wire cutters and bend them to fit at the top with some pliers. Then reattached the circle mechanism to the top. I was so happy!!

I bought some converter kits from Lowe’s that are made to screw into existing recessed lights and magically they transform the lights into pendants without the need of an electrician! And for $20, so cool. And another cool fact is that if I ever got tired of the pendants and wanted to go back to recessed lights, all I have to do is take the kit off and it looks the same. No painting or any other work required!

The light kits come with some wire that hangs down and you can add your light to the bottom of the wire. I didn’t think that look finished enough. So I spend a long time trying to figure out how to make it look more finished. I wanted a matching rod to give the lights a more polished look, but most of the rods I found were way too heavy. I finally found some copper tubes at Lowes. I took them and hack sawed them to the right length and then spray painted them silver.

Then we threaded the wire through the rods and through the top part of the converter kit. We did have to cut the wires and then re-attach them together once we threaded them through the tubes. You strip the plastic off the wires and then twist the wires together and twist them into an electrical cap. You need to have someone who knows what they are doing help with this part. It’s just like re-wiring any type of light fixture.

Once we had the wire threaded through the tube and re-attached, we discovered we had to pull the wire up through the top of the kit and I had a gap. Uggggh!! I thought I was foiled again. But we persevered LOL!! My father in law came up with the idea of a very short length of the same tubing in a slightly larger circumference to cover the gap and fit over the top of the other tubing. Then we epoxied the two tubes together to the top of the ceiling piece.

And it ended up looking great!! Very polished – which is what I was looking for. And instead of $560, this project cost me $44, plus the cost of the converters.

So now I have some pretty pendants in my kitchen!!

The full reveal is coming up soon 🙂

Have a Beautiful Monday!!

 

xoxo

I’m linking this up:
Todays Creative Blog

And Beth’s:

Home Stories A2Z

Posted By: Jen · In: decorating, diy, my home

Great Ideas — 37 DIY Organizing Ideas!!
Make a Striped Closet! (and organization printables)

You’ll Also Love

DIY Halloween Bat Mantel Ideas
make a dog playhouse out of a box. all the instructionsMake an Adorable DIY Dog Playhouse Out of a Box!
Make a DIY Marble Kitchen Pedestal

Comments

  1. Dana says

    April 28, 2014 at 7:39 PM

    Hi, I have been ALL over the Fabric.com website and I can’t find the fabric that you used to cover your lampshades. Do you know the fabric name?

  2. [email protected] says

    February 15, 2013 at 3:12 PM

    How did you reattach the UNO fitter on top of the part of the light that light bulb screws into? I currently have pendant but would like to switch to a fabric shade. All shades do not fit over what the light bulb screws into. Was your similar?

    • Jen says

      February 15, 2013 at 5:18 PM

      [email protected] » I’m not sure what that filter is … the kits we got don’t have that. They replace the light at the top and come with a matching shade frame.

  3. Jessica Brown Photography says

    January 28, 2013 at 4:28 PM

    Looks amazing! Love the colors in the space.

    • Jen says

      January 28, 2013 at 7:19 PM

      Thanks Jessica!!

      xxoxo

  4. Julie says

    March 19, 2012 at 10:06 AM

    Oh how wonderful they turned out. I’ve just bought my first house and looking forward to some of the DIY projects I’ve found to transform my house into a Home. Thanks for sharing your tutorial.

  5. NellyKelly says

    March 14, 2012 at 5:57 AM

    You’ve done it again… So clever! Your whole kitchen is just stunning! I’m excited cuz this doesn’t have to go in my Someday file. We can tackle this project next weekend! Thanks for sharing all the little challenges along the way, too. Makes me feel better about those moments in my own projects!

  6. Keri says

    March 10, 2012 at 2:49 PM

    I LOVE these! We are definitely planning to do this in our kitchen since this is exactly what I’ve been wanting! I do have a question though – how did you reattach the ring inside?

  7. Heather gibb says

    February 16, 2012 at 1:07 AM

    So I bought these converter kits from a catalog and they are super easy. BUT I don’t like the glass that is tan frosted.
    So first I bought clear glass and did the DIY Mercury glass…but no, they are just a little to small to screw on.
    SO now I want to do the drums….but NO they wont fit where the spider thing is. Sooo I’m trying to look at your photo and see where you reattached it after you cut it off. I’m not super handy, could I just cut the circle or will that not work?
    Your whole kitchen is darling. Do you mind sharing where you got the stools to? So cute!
    Thanks

  8. Becky - Clean Mama says

    January 21, 2012 at 7:51 AM

    Great tutorial and a beautiful kitchen – I can’t wait to see how it all turns out!

  9. Gerard says

    January 18, 2012 at 4:24 AM

    Wow really effective and inexpensive. I never thought of getting that creative but it doesn’t look to difficult. Thanks great post.

  10. kristen duke photography says

    January 16, 2012 at 7:13 PM

    LOVE it! I am especially loving the turq. under the bar area and the cute decor on top of your cabinets. They look like mine and give me idea;s)

  11. [email protected] says

    January 16, 2012 at 1:39 PM

    Wow! Outstanding job! I love the fabric and the converter kits are wonderful! I really dislike Target’s lamp shades! The “harp” used for traditional lampshades isn’t needed with their lamps…which could be good…but they are forever getting lopsided, which makes me crazy. Glad your hubs is so handy!
    Cheers!

  12. Tammy says

    January 16, 2012 at 9:34 AM

    Love these…. looks great!

  13. Amy says

    January 15, 2012 at 9:17 PM

    Hello! I love your lamps! Thank you for sharing. I also love the rest of your kitchen and my husband and I have looked at it for inspiration. If you don’t mind me asking, what color blue did you use for your island? I have been searching for a color and your color is perfect. Thank you so much for all of your inspiration 🙂

    Amy B.

  14. Jen says

    January 15, 2012 at 8:52 PM

    Love the lights Jen! Your kitchen is so fresh and bright! Looking forward to seeing you at SNAP!
    Jen

  15. Tara @ DealSeekingMom.com says

    January 15, 2012 at 8:31 PM

    The lights look fantastic! I’m wondering where you got your stools from? I’ve been looking for some like that but haven’t found any that I like yet, and I love those. Thanks!

  16. terri says

    January 15, 2012 at 2:30 PM

    omg. seriously. amazingly adorable! i love love love these!
    thanks for sharing…and the kitchen is beautiful! love those colors!xo

  17. Laura@Elegant Nest says

    January 15, 2012 at 12:07 PM

    Love your new drum shade pendants…as much as I love mine!

    I did this very same project…in the very same fabric back in May ’11 check it out here
    http://elegantnest.blogspot.com/2011/05/fabric-covered-lamp-shades.html

    This was one of my very first posts on my new blog.
    I had the same issue with the shades…but just went ahead and hung them upside down and think they look OK. So excited to see your solution and how you added the tubing to the cord.

    You obviously have great taste in design 😉

  18. Laura@Elegant Nest says

    January 15, 2012 at 12:01 PM

    LOVE your new hanging drum shade pendants…as much as I love mine!

    I did this very same project…with the very same fabric back in May ’11…check it out here http://elegantnest.blogspot.com/2011/05/fabric-covered-lamp-shades.html

    This was one of my very first posts on my new blog.
    I had the same issue with the shades…but just went ahead and hung them upside down and think they look OK. I am so excited to see your solution and how you added the tubing.

    You obviously have great taste in design 😉

  19. Erin says

    January 14, 2012 at 6:22 AM

    Jen, the kitchen looks amazing! I love how the pendants turned out. 🙂

  20. Stephanie@Eventlookforless says

    January 11, 2012 at 11:48 PM

    OMG…can’t have enough of your ideas. Was directed here for the DIY necklace to inspire brides on my blog to be a DIY bride but I myself can’t stay away. Awesome work.

  21. Janice says

    January 10, 2012 at 8:11 PM

    OMG. I had to run out and buy the converters today! So my question is where in Lowes do I find the tubing? I tried to look for it but I wasn’t quite sure what I was looking for. My DIY is half way done, but without the tubing the lamp shades are hanging lopsided and it is driving me a little nuts. Need to fix ASAP. Thanks for the inspiration! Will post when completed!

    • Jen says

      January 10, 2012 at 9:29 PM

      Hi Janice!

      The tubing was kind of by the electrical supplies; check near plumbing, too. You probably need to ask someone to find it. I am not sure what it’s use is normally. It was in a upright bin with more metal rods of different widths. I can’t wait to see your lights. Send me a link when you are done, ok? You do have to cut the wires to thread them through the tube, but it’s easy to re-connect the wires with wire caps just like you would in a regular light fixture. (Make sure you have someone who knows what they’re doing for electrical stuff.)

      xoxo

  22. Crystal (chaoticlilshadow) says

    January 10, 2012 at 5:10 PM

    wow I learned so much from this post! Definately filing this away in my “gonna try this someday” stash! I absolutely love (and am entirely jealous of) your kitchen!

  23. Jamie says

    January 10, 2012 at 4:33 PM

    This is so awesome…what cool fixtures! Your kitchen is gorgeous! 🙂

  24. Ellie says

    January 10, 2012 at 3:08 PM

    Awesome lights! I can’t wait for the full reveal of your kitchen! I’m already in love with your island.

  25. Lesli @ BeautifullyCoastal.com says

    January 10, 2012 at 9:13 AM

    Amazing Jen! Your perseverance and problem solving are simply A {{to the}} MAY {{with a beautiful}} ZING — and the results — as polished as you envisioned! Love your kitchen and can’t wait to see the whole reveal! Oh, and thanks for telling me about the recessed lighting converters — I had no idea they existed!

  26. Jenny says

    January 9, 2012 at 11:50 PM

    They are awesome!

  27. Rhonda @ Abide at Home says

    January 9, 2012 at 9:29 PM

    These look GREAT! Good for you! I have a flourescent (sp?) light panel that I detest, but I don’t know how to change it without spending a fortune AND losing a lot of lighting. (I’ve heard that going away from flourescent makes for a dark kitchen….) One day I will get brave and figure something else out. Yours looks great!

    • Jen says

      January 9, 2012 at 9:56 PM

      I had one of those in my house in California, Rhonda. I took out the fluorescent fixture and then added recessed lights in the inverted part. And then crown molding where the ceiling went up into the box. It turned out really cute!

      Thanks for the nice comment!!

      xoxoxo
      Jen

  28. Aimee Jongejan says

    January 9, 2012 at 9:24 PM

    Totally in love with your kitchen…totally….can I come live at your house?

    • Jen says

      January 9, 2012 at 9:58 PM

      Come on over!!

      xoxox

  29. Rhonda says

    January 9, 2012 at 9:07 PM

    I’m sure you’ll tell us soon enough… but what paint color is that fantastic aqua/turquoise?

    • Jen says

      January 9, 2012 at 10:06 PM

      Thanks Rhonda!!

      I have a few different aqua paint colors going on, Martha Stewart Rain Water and Martha Stewart Aegean Blue 🙂

      xoxox
      Jen

  30. Amanda says

    January 9, 2012 at 9:01 PM

    These are lovely! You and your handy helpers did an excellent job.

  31. Kelsey says

    January 9, 2012 at 9:01 PM

    Love the lights!
    And your kitchen is gorgeous!

  32. Tonya @ Love of Family & Home says

    January 9, 2012 at 8:36 PM

    Love your new lights! Too cute! Can’t wait til the full reveal! Its looking gorgeous!

  33. Sharon {Grumpy, Sleepy, and Bashful} says

    January 9, 2012 at 6:42 PM

    Wow, those are truly beautiful! I love, love the fabric. They look so perfect in that kitchen space, too. What a neat idea. I would love to do some creative lighting in my little girl’s room when she gets older (she’s only 14 months old now), and that is a neat idea. My husband is not-so-handy, so I might enlist my Dad’s help. Thanks for the inspiration!

  34. Hayley @ComeToTheMouseHouse.blogspot.com says

    January 9, 2012 at 5:37 PM

    Great job!!! Looks way more expensive and definitely worth the extra work, lol.

  35. Sue-Someone's Mom says

    January 9, 2012 at 5:32 PM

    That was a very clever idea and I love the way they look. Now you have something no one else has (well, until they read this) and look at all the money you saved. Things are looking beautiful!

  36. Shannon Fox says

    January 9, 2012 at 5:05 PM

    Love the little peeks. Can’t wait for the reveal!! How fun =)

  37. Jenn L @ Peas and Crayons says

    January 9, 2012 at 4:57 PM

    Ohmygosh this is AWESOME!!!! I wish I had recessed lights to tinker with! i have one singular boob light that i am going to hopefully convert to a chandelier or something fun — this is a gorgeous makeover girl!!! cant wait for the full reveal!

  38. kalanicut says

    January 9, 2012 at 4:52 PM

    Love these Jen. What a fantastic job and I’m so happy you had just the right assistants to help make it all work on such an amazing budget. Gorgeous!

  39. bridget {bake at 350} says

    January 9, 2012 at 4:46 PM

    OK….I’m just so in love with your kitchen and I am totally forwarding this to my husband!!!

  40. Debs says

    January 9, 2012 at 4:46 PM

    Wow! They look totally gorgeous!! I can’t wait to see the final reveal now! 🙂

  41. Ann says

    January 9, 2012 at 4:43 PM

    WOW I love your color scheme!! LOOKS great!

  42. Holly mikovits says

    January 9, 2012 at 4:28 PM

    I absolutely love the pendants…I have recessed lighting and I had no idea you could do this relatively easy!

  43. kristin says

    January 9, 2012 at 2:44 PM

    These are awesome and I really like the material you used! You make it look so easy 🙂 Thanks for sharing!
    Happy Monday!
    Kristin

  44. Chessa says

    January 9, 2012 at 2:10 PM

    Looks awesome! I love the look and totally want to try this in my new house. Thanks for sharing all the details!

  45. Amy {The Idea Room} says

    January 9, 2012 at 1:02 PM

    These are absolutely gorgeous Jen! Love them! So glad your hubby was able to fix them for your needs!! He is a keeper!

    • Jen says

      January 9, 2012 at 9:53 PM

      Aw- thanks Amy!!! Love you!

      xoxox
      Jen

  46. Julie, RN says

    January 9, 2012 at 12:17 PM

    I just ran out and bought the kits and installed my own! Awesome! I linked your post to mine here: http://craftyimaginings.blogspot.com/2012/01/who-knew-recessed-converts-to-pendant.html

  47. MiMi says

    January 9, 2012 at 12:09 PM

    Very cute, Jen! I would have thought I was all done too when I noticed the wires were wrong for the hanging!

  48. Shauna@Satori Design for Living says

    January 9, 2012 at 11:55 AM

    Your perseverance totally paid off. The pendants look fantastic! Great job Jen.

  49. Megan says

    January 9, 2012 at 11:55 AM

    Love the shades! So pretty! Can’t wait to see the full reveal!

  50. Alyson S says

    January 9, 2012 at 11:38 AM

    looks great! good job.

  51. Heidi Rew says

    January 9, 2012 at 11:21 AM

    Love them, Jen! I’m so glad you shared about the light kit! We have recessed lights in our kitchen & my husband nixed my suggestion for a pendant light because of that! (Slyly rubbing my hands together) Now…I can have my way with those lights. :p

  52. Sarah says

    January 9, 2012 at 10:53 AM

    Wow these look great! Good thinking on your families part with all the little fixes & problem solutions that they came up with. They turned out wonderfully!

  53. KaPa Katerina says

    January 9, 2012 at 10:49 AM

    I can not believe all the amazing things you do…

  54. Jessica @ Decor Adventures says

    January 9, 2012 at 10:49 AM

    Way to figure things out! I’ve always wondered how those conversion kits work, so thanks for showing a picture. I’ve contemplated getting some for the kitchen.

    Look forward to seeing the whole space 🙂

  55. elz says

    January 9, 2012 at 10:21 AM

    Clever, very clever. The kitchen looks awesome. Can’t wait for the full reveal.

  56. Michell @ Girl In Air says

    January 9, 2012 at 10:20 AM

    I LOVE making lights! YOURS are fabulous! Your whole kitchen is cool!

  57. nest of posies says

    January 9, 2012 at 10:06 AM

    jen!

    i don’t know where to begin. amazing. i’m drooling. so fun. love your pictures too!

    xo
    kellie

  58. Kelli says

    January 9, 2012 at 9:11 AM

    Those pendants are awesome Jen! We have two stained glass pendant lights that hang over our bar, and I think it would be so fun to change them out for some fabric colored shades like yours!

  59. jen @ Harrison Home says

    January 9, 2012 at 9:04 AM

    LOVE IT! Have been thinking about giving that a try for my kitchen as well, great tutorial!

  60. Julie, RN says

    January 9, 2012 at 8:46 AM

    I am so excited now that I’ve seen your post! I has no idea that these conversion kits existed. I have two lights in my kitchen that I would love to convert….I may run to Lowe’s right now!
    PS>Your kitchen is looking beautiful!
    Julie

  61. Jennie Larsen says

    January 9, 2012 at 8:25 AM

    Well done. Love them. What a saving too. Love the stencil print as well. xo, enjoy your week. jen

  62. Brittany Suell says

    January 9, 2012 at 8:10 AM

    Jen! These look so awesome! You are seriously so creative and they turned out looking like they were made that way! Also great choice of fabric…I love the print!

  63. Jessica says

    January 9, 2012 at 7:55 AM

    You are so clever, this is so neat!

  64. Heidi Lee says

    January 9, 2012 at 7:44 AM

    Jen-

    Your aluminum tubes look like they made all the difference! It looks FANTASTIC! Is it wrong that I want to come over and just take a good look around? 🙂

    Heidi@HomemadeBeautiesByHeidi

  65. Beth says

    January 9, 2012 at 7:37 AM

    very cool! Me likey!!!

  66. Beth says

    January 9, 2012 at 7:09 AM

    You amaze me! They look great…way to go on the teamwork! Smiles~Beth

  67. Laura Putnam says

    January 9, 2012 at 7:08 AM

    Jen – I have always liked the idea of those converter kits, but I have always disliked having just the wire hanging – what a great solution – thanks for sharing! Take care, Laura

  68. Sarah J. says

    January 9, 2012 at 7:06 AM

    Love this!! I have one recessed light (over the kitchen sink) that I’ve been wanting to do this to for a while. I’m inspired to start now!

  69. Pine Tree Home says

    January 9, 2012 at 6:56 AM

    I am in awe of this project. I have 4 can lights in my pool house and while they offer good light, I want to do something to bring the ceiling down and add some color. Great idea. I now am off to Lowes to get those converters.

  70. Paula Parrish says

    January 9, 2012 at 6:47 AM

    Hello Jen,
    Oh super job, I love your new kitchen pendant lights.
    Smiles, Paula

  71. Katy says

    January 9, 2012 at 6:26 AM

    Say what??? This is awesome. I might have to do this for our dining room!!! Beautiful, Jen. And I love that you covered the cord up with aluminum tubes!

  72. patti west says

    January 9, 2012 at 6:11 AM

    Your new lights are gorgeous!!! How awesome that you have your hubs & FIL to give you a hand when you need it (my FIL is an electrician and we often call on him at my house). 🙂 Looking forward to your kitchen reveal…I love what I see so far!

  73. Darcie says

    January 9, 2012 at 5:55 AM

    I love these. The converters make this a project anyone could do, and the price point is great!

  74. Julie says

    January 9, 2012 at 5:39 AM

    Turned out great! Can’t wait to see the reveal!

  75. Amanda @ Serenity Now says

    January 9, 2012 at 5:38 AM

    I love those, Jen! They look professionally done. The pattern on the shades is lovely. Great job!

  76. Lori m says

    January 9, 2012 at 5:36 AM

    Fabulous idea, the finished look is just stunning and at a fraction of the cost.

    Thank you for another useful post.

  77. Jen says

    January 9, 2012 at 5:18 AM

    awesome – can’t wait to see pics of your whole kitchen!

  78. Lori says

    January 9, 2012 at 5:04 AM

    What a great idea and the outcome is beautiful. Thanks for sharing this project with us.

  79. Jen @ a place 2 call home says

    January 9, 2012 at 4:56 AM

    These are just beautiful! So chic and I can’t believe how cheap you were able to make these for. I’m having a giveaway today for a pillow cover, and the fabric on your pendants is one of the favorites that I picked out. I just love it. Great job, and thanks for sharing!

  80. Mrs BC says

    January 9, 2012 at 2:56 AM

    What a brilliant idea, & fantastic execution! I loved the way that you kept thinking up solutions to make sure you got to your end goal. Great Job!!
    Can’t wait for the full reveal!
    xx

Hi! I'm Jen Hadfield. I'm a mom of 5 restoring an 1891 home in the heart of Salt Lake City. I love being creative and sharing simple ideas to make your life easier and more beautiful!

Receive the Latest Crafts, DIY, Recipes and More in your INBOX!

Follow us on Pinterest! It's awesome!

Top Posts & Pages

Spruce up Your Outdoor Space with a DIY Recirculating Fountain! (tutorial)
A New Deck in Under 30 Minutes!
Copycat Panera Spinach and Artichoke Egg Soufflés - SO good!
12 Must-Have Items to Pack on an Alaskan Cruise!
DIY Secret: How to Print on Post-It Notes (and Free Printable Template)
Mother's Day Cup Holder Gift Basket

 

Popular Posts

  • Spruce up Your Outdoor Space with a DIY Recirculating Fountain! (tutorial)
    Spruce up Your Outdoor Space with a DIY Recirculating Fountain! (tutorial)
  • A New Deck in Under 30 Minutes!
    A New Deck in Under 30 Minutes!
  • Copycat Panera Spinach and Artichoke Egg Soufflés - SO good!
    Copycat Panera Spinach and Artichoke Egg Soufflés - SO good!
  • 12 Must-Have Items to Pack on an Alaskan Cruise!
    12 Must-Have Items to Pack on an Alaskan Cruise!
  • DIY Secret: How to Print on Post-It Notes (and Free Printable Template)
    DIY Secret: How to Print on Post-It Notes (and Free Printable Template)
  • Mother's Day Cup Holder Gift Basket
    Mother's Day Cup Holder Gift Basket
  • The BEST Fresh Strawberry Cream Cheese Cake Recipe!
    The BEST Fresh Strawberry Cream Cheese Cake Recipe!

As seen in





Amazon Affiliate

Tatertots & Jello is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com.
  • About Me
  • Advertising
  • Get Featured

Copyright © 2025 Tatertots and Jello · Privacy
This site is a place for positive discussion and ideas. Negative talk, comments that disparage others, and similar are not welcome and may be removed.